Reference Texts
(Listed alphabetically by editor)
1. Energy Metabolism, Indirect Calorimetry, and Nutrition. Burstein S, Elwyn DH, Askenazi J, Kinney JM, Eds. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore. 1989.
2. Nutritional Medicine: A Case Management Approach. GL Blackburn, SJ Bell, JL Mullen., Eds.WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 1989.
3. Nutrition in Clinical Surgery, Second Edition. M Deitel, Ed. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore. 1985.
4. Total Parenteral Nutrition, Second edition. JE Fischer, Ed., Little, Brown and Company. Boston. 1991.
5. Handbook of Total Parenteral Nutrition, Second edition. JP Grant, Ed. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1992.
6. Nutrition and Metabolism in Patient Care. JM Kinney, KN Jeejeebhoy, GL Hill, OE Owen, Eds., WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 1988.
7. Nutrition and the Kidney. Mitch WE, Klahr S, Eds., Little, Brown and Company. Boston/New York. 1993.
8. The Body Cell Mass and its Supporting Environment: Body Composition in Health and Disease. Moore FD, Olesen KH, McMurrey JD, Parker HV, Ball MR, Boyden CM. Philadelphia.W.B. Saunders, 1963.
9. Clinical Nutrition: Parenteral Nutrition, 2nd edition. JL Rombeau, MD Caldwell, Eds. WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 1993.
10. Clinical Nutrition: Enteral and Tube Feeding, 3rd edition. JL Rombeau, RH Rolandelli, Eds. WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 1997.
11. Nutrition in Critical Care. GP Zaloga, Ed. Mosby. St Louis. 1994.
12. Pace N, Rathbun EN. Studies on body composition. III. The body water and chemically combined nitrogen content in relation to fat content. J Biol Chem. 1945;158:685.
Relationship of total body water(TBW) to lean body mass:
LBM=TBW/0.732
13. Schloerb PR, Friis-Hansen BJ, Edelman IS, Solomon AK, Moore FD. The measurement of total body water by deuterium oxide dilution, with a consideration of the dynamics of deuterium distribution. J Clin Invest. 1950; 29:1296-1310.
Measurement of total body water in normal humans and correlation with oxygen consumption and surface area.
14. Schloerb PR, Gurian JH, Lord LM, Winarski EA, Casey CM. Bioimpedance as a measure of total body water and body cell mass in surgical nutrition. European Surg. Res.1986;18(S1):3
15. Schloerb PR, Forster J, Delcore R, Kindscher JD. Bioimpedance in the clinical evaluation of liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(Suppl):510S-514S
16. Guenst JM, Nelson LD. Predictors of total parenteral nutrition-induced lipogenesis. Chest. 1994; 105:553-559.
In 140 ICU patients, receiving TPN as 25% glucose, energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and glucose intake was documented. Measured energy expenditure was 1.2±0.25 kcals/day x Harris-Benedict calculation. With 47% of ICU patients having a respiratory quotient (RQ)>1.0, indicating net lipogenesis, the average glucose intake was 4.48 mg/kg/min Those patients with an RQ<1.0 had a glucose intake of 2.89 mg/kg/min.
17. Schloerb PR, Henning JF. Patterns and problems of adult total parenteral nutrition use in US academic medical centers. Arch Surg. 1998; 133:7-12.
In 86 of 106 US academic medical centers responding to surveys, at least 1/4 and as many as half reported using amounts of glucose in TPN which would be expected to produce an RQ>1.0 and the consequences of hyperglycemia.
18. Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD. Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthrometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:27-39.
19. Culebras JM, Moore FD. Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. I. Theoretical calculations of nonaqueous exchangeable hydrogen in men. 1977;Am J Physiol. 232 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol; R54-R59.
20. Visser M, Gallagher D, Deurenberg P, Wang J, Pierson Jr RN, Heymsfield SB. Density of fat-free body mass:relationship with race, age, and level of fatness. Am. J. Physiol. 1997; 272:E781-E787.
A recent paper from the Obesity Research Center, New York, N.Y., the leading US body composition research center. Key references to work from theirs and other institutions are listed.
21. Gallagher D, Visser M, Wang Z, Harris T, Pierson Jr RN, Heymsfield SB.
Metabolically active component of fat-free body mass: Influences of age, adiposity, and
gender.
Metabolism 1996;992-997.
22. Garrow JS. Energy balance in man-an overview. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1987;45:1114-9.
23. Cunningham JJ. Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure:a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:963-9
A review of the literature and presentation of equation for prediction of resting energy expenditure as:
REE(kcals)=370+21.6 x FFM
24. Nelson KM, Weinsier RL, Long CL, Schutz Y. Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:848-56.
Literature review and presentation of equation for prediction of REE as
REE(kjoules) = (108 x FFM) + (16.9 x FM) ;
r˛=0.986
(1 kcal=4.184 kjoules)
25. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Publication #279 of the Carnegie Institution. Washington, DC 1919.
Prediction of energy expenditure: (Widely-used pair of equations for men and women which may over-estimate REE by 10-20%)
26. Miles JM. Clinical Dilemmas: Should protein be included in calorie calculations for a TPN prescription? Yes, protein should be included. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 1996; 11:204-205
An authoritative argument for inclusion of protein calories in total calories.
27. Schloerb PR. Computer-assisted nutritional support in surgery. Contemp Surg 1984;25:53-57.
A Computer-Assisted-Nutritional-Support-Algorithm (CANSA) to predict enteral
and parenteral nutrition on the basis of lean body mass.
©1984 and 1996
28. Hamwi GJ. Therapy:Changing dietary concepts. In: Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment, Vol 1, pp73-8. TS Danowski, (Ed.). American Diabetes Association, Inc., New York. 1964.
An algorithm for calculation of IBW in use for over 30 years. Superseded in some centers by formulas using anthropometric tables.
Calculation of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Males: IBW=106lbs + 6lb/inch over 60 inches.
Females: IBW=100lbs + 5lb/inch over 60 inches.
29. National Center for Health Statistics. 1976
30. Schloerb PR, Bodánszky HE. Body cell mass as a reference for nutritional support in pediatric cancer patients. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;824:234-6
31. Kerner JA, Jr. Parenteral Nutrition in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, Volume 2. W.A. Walker et al, Eds. B.C. Decker, Philadelphia, 1991.
32. Wolfe RR. Maximal parenteral glucose oxidation in hypermetabolic young children. JPEN. 1998; 22:190.
33. Sheridan RL, Yu YM, Prelack K, Young VR, Burke JF, Tomkins RG. Maximal parenteral glucose oxidation in hypermetabolic young children: A stable isotope study. JPEN. 1998; 22:212-216.
Acknowledgments
(Sources of significant suggestions for improvement or corrections)
Date & Name
12/16/98 Bruce R. Bistrian, MD, PhD
12/16/98 George L. Blackburn, MD, PhD
01/15/99 W. Allan Walker, MD
01/15/99 Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH
04/21/99 Dorothy E. Olin, JD
08/15/99 Douglas W. Wilmore, MD